|
CALIBRATION
SERVICE DOCUMENTATION
|
|
|
| C-Series
Calorimeter |
This is the
primary standard in a beamsplitter-based measurement system established
for calibrating power/energy meters used with low to medium power cw lasers.
The C-Series measurement system supports laser detector calibrations at
wavelengths ranging from 325 nm to 1550 nm at powers of 1 µW to 1 W (note:
the specific power ranges available vary with wavelength).
- Thermal
Modeling and Analysis of Laser Calorimeters;
Zhang, Z.M.; Livigni, D.J.; Jones, R.D.; Scott, T.R.;
J. Thermophys. Heat Transfer 10(2): 350-356; Apr-Jun 96
- Laser
Power and Energy Measurements and the NBS Laser Measurement Assurance
Program (MAP);
Case, W.E.; Sanders, A.A.;
IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conf., Mar 20-22, 1985,
Tampa, FL, 281-285; 85
- Documentation
of the NBS C, K, and Q Laser Calibration Systems;
Case, W.E.;
NBSIR 82-1676; Sep 82
- An NBS
Laser Measurement Assurance Program (MAP);
Sanders, A.A.; Cook, A.R.;
Proc. Electro-Optical Systems Design Conf. 1976 and Intl. Laser Exposition,
Sep 14-16, 1976, New York, NY, 277-280; 76
- Current
Status of NBS Low-Power Laser Energy Measurement;
West, E.D.; Case, W.E.;
Proc., Conf. On Prec. Electromagn. Meas., Jul 1-5, 1974, London, England,
IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. IM-23: 422-425; Dec 74
- A Reference
Calorimeter for Laser Energy Measurements;
West, E.D.; Case, W.E.; Rasmussen, A.L.; Schmidt, L.B.;
NBS JRES, 76A: 13-26; 72.
Return
to Top of Page
|
| Q-Series
Calorimeter |
This is the
primary standard in a beamsplitter-based measurement system established
for calibrating power/energy meters used with pulsed Nd:YAG and Nd:Glass
lasers. The Q-Series measurement system supports measurements on power/energy
detectors at a wavelength of 1.06 µm and with pulse energies of 1 mJ - 300
mJ.
- Absolute
Reference Calorimeter for Measuring High Power Laser Pulses;
Franzen, D.L.; Schmidt, L.B.;
Appl. Opt. 15: 3115-3122; Dec 76
- Calorimetric
Measurement of Pulsed Laser Output Energy;
Jennings, D.A.;
IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. IM-15(4): 161-164; Dec 66
Return
to Top of Page
|
| K-Series
Calorimeter |
This is the
primary standard in a beamsplitter-based measurement system established
for calibrating power/energy meters used with high-power cw lasers. The
K-series measurement system supports measurements on detectors at wavelengths
of 10.6 µm (100 mW – 1kW onsite; 1 W – 6 kW offsite) and 1.06 µm (1 - 500
W onsite; 1 W – 6 kW offsite).
- A System
for Calibrating Laser Power Meters for the Range 5-1000 W";
West, E.D.; Schmidt, L.B.;
NBS TN 685; May 77
- Precision
Beam Splitters for CO2 Lasers;
Franzen, D.L.;
Appl. Opt. 14: 647-652; Mar 75
Return
to Top of Page |
| QUV
and QDUV-Series Calorimeters |
These are
the primary standards in beamsplitter-based measurement systems established
for calibrating power/energy meters used with excimer lasers. The QUV-Series
measurement system supports calibrations at a wavelength of 248 nm (5 µJ/pulse
– 250 mJ/pulse; 50 µW – 7 W average power). The QDUV-Series measurement
system supports calibrations at a wavelength of 193 nm (5 µJ/pulse – 5 mJ/pulse;
10 µW – 3 W average power). Dose (i.e., energy density) measurements for
small-area detectors are available as Special Test. A primary standard calorimeter
and associated measurement system for calibrations at a wavelength of 157
nm are currently under development.
- Damage
Testing of Partial Reflectors for 157 nm Laser Calorimeters;
Laabs, H.; Jones, R.; Cromer, C.; Dowell, M.; Liberman, V.;
(in progress)
- New Developments
in Deep Ultraviolet Laser Metrology for Photolithography;
Dowell, M.L.; Cromer, C.L.; Jones, R.D.; Keenan, D.A.; Scott, T.R.;
Proc., 2000 Intl. Conf. On Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Tech.,
Jun 26-29, 2000, Gaithersburg, MD, TU-29; Jun 00
- Thermal
Modeling of Calorimeters for Excimer Lasers at 193 nm Wavelength;
Chen, D.H.; Dowell, M.L.; Cromer, C.L.; Zhang, Z.M.;
Proc. 34th AIAA Thermophysics Conf., Jun 19-22, 00, Denver,
CO; 00
- Deep Ultraviolet
Laser Metrology for Semiconductor Photolithography;
Dowell, M.L.; Cromer, C.L.; Leonhardt, R.W.; Scott, T.R.;
Proc. 1998 Intl. Conf. On Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Tech.,
May 23-27, 1998, Gaithersburg, MD, 449: 530-541; Nov 98
- Calibration
Service for Laser Power and Energy at 248 nm;
Leonhardt, R.W.;
NIST TN 1394, 34 pp; Jan 98
Return
to Top of Page
|
| BB-Series
Calorimeters |
These are
primary standards used for very high-power cw laser measurements. The calorimeters
were originally built (and still supported) by NIST but are routinely operated
and maintained by the Air Force Primary Standards Laboratory in Heath, OH.
The calorimeters are used with a spinning, reflective chopper-wheel to provide
cabration measurements at powers of 100 W – 100 kW with cw lasers emitting
radiation in the IR wavelength region (predominately at 10.6 µm).
- Improvements
in a Calorimeter for High-Power CW Lasers;
Chamberlain, G.E.; Simpson, P.A.; Smith, R.L.;
IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. IM-27: 81-86; Mar 78
- A Calorimeter
for High-Power CW Lasers;
Smith, R.L.; Russell, T.W.; Case, W.E.; Rasmussen, A.L.;
IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. IM-21: 434-438; Nov 72
Return
to Top of Page
|
| Laser-Optimized
Cryogenic Radiometer (LOCR) |
This is the
primary standard used for performing high-accuracy (i.e., < 0.1% expanded
uncertainty) calibrations of cw-laser power meters. Absolute power measurements
are performed with stabilized cw lasers at the following wavelengths (in
vacuum): 458.06, 476.62, 488.13, 496.65, 514.67, 632.99, 1319.09, and 1550.42
nm. These high-accuracy calibrations are available in the 100 µW – 1 mW
power range.
- Cryogenic
Radiometer-Based High-Accuracy Laser Power Calibration Service
(in progress)
- Thermal
Characterization of a Cryogenic Radiometer and Comparison with a Laser
Calorimeter;
Livigni, D.J.; Cromer, C.L.; Scott, T.R.; Johnson, B.C.; Zhang, Z.M.;
Metrologia 35: 819-827; 98
- Heat Transfer
and Modeling of a Cryogenic Laser Radiometer;
Johnson, B.C.; Kumar, A.R.; Zhang, Z.M.; Livigni, D.J.; Cromer, C.L.;
Scott, T.R.;
J. Themophys. And Heat Transfer 12(4): 575-581; Oct-Dec 98
Return
to Top of Page
|
| Low
Level Laser System |
|
Provides
calibrations on detectors used to measure energy and peak power of laser
pulses at very low levels. The measurement system uses a fused silica,
multiple-reflection, wedged beamsplitter and thermal-detector transfer
standard (traceable to the C-Series Calorimeter) to provide measurements
at 1064 nm (10-4 – 10-8 W; 10-11 – 10-15
J/pulse) and 1554 nm (in process).
- Calibration
Service for Peak Power and Energy of Low-Level 1.06 µm Laser Pulses;
Leonhardt, R.;
(documentation in progress)
- Low-Level
Pulsed 1064 nm Laser Radiometer Transfer Standard;
Leonhardt, R.W.;
Proc., SPIE, Vol 2815, The International Society for Optical Engineering,
Optical Radiation Measurements III, Aug 4-9, 1996, Denver, CO: 154-159;
Aug 96
- Improved
Low-Level Silicon Avalanche Photodiode Transfer Standards at 1064 Micrometers;
Rasmussen, A.L.; Sanders, A.A.; Simpson, P.A.;
NISTIR 89-3917, 39 pp; Aug 22, 89
- Fast Pulse
Generators and Detectors for Characterizing Laser Receivers at 1.06
µm;
Simpson, P.A.;
Proc., SPIE, Vol 888: 43-47; 88
- Laser
Standards for Energy and Power of Low-Level 1.064 µm Laser Pulses and
CW;
Rasmussen, A.L.; Sanders, A.A.;
Opt. Eng. 25(2): 277-285; Feb 86
- Documentation
of the NBS APD and PIN Calibration Systems for Measuring Peak Power
and Energy of Low-Level 1.064 µm Laser Pulses;
Rasmussen, A.; Sanders, A.A.;
NBSIR 85-3032, 67 pp; Dec 85
- A System
for Measuring Energy and Peak Power of Low-Level 1.064 µm Laser Pulses;
Sanders, A.A.; Rasmussen, A.L.,
NBS TN 1058; Oct 82
- Measurement
Procedures for the Optical Beam Splitter Attenuation Device BA-1;
Danielson, B.L.;
NBSIR 77-858; May 77
- Laser
Attenuators for the Production of Low Power Beams in the Visible and
1.06 Micron Regions;
Danielson, B.L.; Beers, Y.;
NBS TN 677; Jan 7
Return
to Top of Page
|
| Frequency
Response Measurement Systems |
Provides traceable
frequency response measurements (magnitude) on optical receivers. These
laser heterodyne-based systems support measurements at 850 nm (1 MHz – 54
GHz), 1319 nm (300 kHz – 50 GHz), and 1550 nm (100 kW – 50 GHz). Work is
in progress to extend measurement capability to provide both magnitude and
phase to > 100 GHz. Reference receiver impulse response measurements
are available at 800 and 1550 nm (100 fs impulse sources) as a Special Test.
- Measuring
the Frequency Response of Gigabit Chip Photodiodes;
Hale, P.D.; Clement, T.S.; Williams, D.F.; Balta, E. Taneja, J.D.;
J. Lightwave Tech. 19(9): 1333-1339: Sep 01
- Frequency
Response Metrology for High-Speed Optical Receivers;
Hale, P.D.; Clement, T.S.; Williams, D.F.;
Tech. Dig., Optical Fiber Communication Conf. (OFC’01), Mar 17-22, 2001,
Anaheim, CA, WQ1-1-3, Mar 01
- Heterodyne
System at 850 nm for Measuring Photoreceiver Frequency Response;
Hale, P.D.; Wang, C.-M.;
Tech. Dig., Symp. On Optical Fiber Meas., in NIST SP 953, 117-120; Sep
00
- Time-Domain
Measurement of the Frequency Response of High-Speed Photoreceivers to
50 GHz;
Clement, T.S.; Hale, P.D.; Coakley, K.C.; Wang, C.-M;
Tech. Dig., Symp. on Optical Fiber Meas., in NIST SP 953, 121-124; Sep
00
- Calibration
Service of Optoelectronic Frequency Response at 1319 nm for Combined
Photodiode/rf Power Sensor Transfer Standards;
Hale, P.D.; Wang, C.-M.;
NIST SP 250-51, 47 pp; Dec 99
- A Transfer
Standard for Measuring Photoreceiver Frequency Response;
Hale, P.D., Wang, C.-M.; Park, R.; Lau, W.Y.;
J. Lightwave Tech. 14(11): 2457-2466; Nov 96
Return
to Top of Page
|
| Optical
Fiber Power Meter Calibration System |
|
Provides
calibrations of optical fiber power meters at 100 µW for the following
nominal wavelengths: 670 nm, 780 nm, 850 nm, 980 nm, 1310 nm, 1550 nm,
and 1615 nm. An electrically calibrated pyroelectric radiometer (ECPR)
is used as the laboratory transfer standard (traceable to the LOCR). For
high power applications, the following Special Test measurements are available:
100 mW at 980 nm; 250 mW at 1310 nm (in progress); and 250 mW at 1550
nm (in progress).
At wavelengths
of 850, 1310, and 1550 nm, a Nonlinearity Measurement System provides
capability to extend the absolute responsivity measurements 60 – 90 dB
down from the 100 µW mentioned above.
- Optical
Fiber Power Meter Nonlinearity Calibrations at NIST;
Vayshenker, I.; Yang, S.; Li, X.; Scott, T.R.; Cromer, C.L.;
NIST SP 250-56, 29 pp; Aug 00
- NIST Measurement
Services: Optical Fiber Power Meter Calibrations at NIST;
Vayshenker, I.; Li, X.; Livigni, D.J.; Scott, T.R.; Cromer, C.L.;
NIST SP 250-54, 36 pp; Jun 00
- FO Connector
Types Affect Power Measurements;
Vayshenker, I.; Li, X.; Keenan, D.A.; Scott, T.R.;
Test Meas. World: 23 & 25; Feb 97
- Errors
Due to Connectors in Optical Fiber Power Meters;
Vayshenker, I.; Li, X.; Keenan, D.A.; Scott, T.R.;
Tech. Dig., Symp. on Optical Fiber Meas., in NIST SP 905, 49-52; Oct
96
- Nonlinearity
of Optical Fiber Power Meters;
Vayshenker, I.; Yang, S.; Li, X.; Scott, T.R.;
Tech. Dig., Symp. on Optical Fiber Meas., in NIST SP 905, 101-104; Oct
96
- Automated
Measurements of Nonlinearity of Optical Fiber Power Meters;
Vayshenker, I.; Yang, S.; Li, X.; Scott, T.R.;
Proc., SPIE, Vol 2550, Photodetectors and Power Meters II, Jul 9-14,
1995, San Diego, CA: 12-19; 95
- Optical
Detector Nonlinearity: Simulation;
Yang, S.; Vayshenker, I.; Li, X.; Zander, M.; Scott,
T.R.; NIST TN 1376, 36 pp; May 95
- Optical
Power Meter Calibration Using Tunable Laser Diodes;
Vayshenker, I.; Li, X.; Scott, T.R.;
Proc., Natl. Conf. Stds. Labs., Jul 31-Aug 4, 1994, Chicago, IL, 363-372;
Jul 94
- On the
Calibration of Optical Fiber Power Meters: The Effect of Connectors;
Gallawa, R.L.; Li, X.;
Appl. Opt. 26(7): 2967-2975; Sep 86
- An Electrically
Calibrated Pyroelectric Radiometer System;
Hamilton, C.A.; Day, G.W.; Phelan, R.J., Jr.;
NBS TN 678; Mar 76
- Electrically
Calibrated Pyroelectric Optical-Radiation Detector;
Phelan, R.J., Jr.; Cook, A.R.;
Appl. Opt. 10: 2494-2500; Oct 73
Return
to Top of Page
|
| Spectral
Responsivity Measurement System |
|
Is used to
provide spectral responsivity calibration services over the wavelength
range 400 – 1700 nm for optical detectors. The system uses a wedge-trap
pyroelectric detector (traceable to the C-Series Calorimeter) as the laboratory
transfer standard along with a monochromator and lamp source to project
radiation with known spectral content onto the test detector. For detectors
used with optical fibers attached, the results from this system are correlated
to measurements performed using the optical fiber power measurement system.
- Optical
Tunnel-Trap Detector for Radiometric Measurements;
Lehman, J.H.; Cromer, C.L.;
Metrologia 37: 477-480; 00
- Calibration
Service for Spectral Responsivity of Laser and Optical-Fiber Power Meters
at Wavelengths Between 0.4 µm and 1.8 µm;
Lehman, J.;
NIST SP 250-53, 39 pp; Dec 99
- A Transfer
Standard for Optical Fiber Power Metrology;
Lehman, J.; Li, X.;
Opt. and Phot. News, Eng. and Lab. Notes, 10(5), 44f-h; May 99
- Pyroelectric
Trap Detector for Spectral Responsivity Measurements;
Lehman, J.;
Opt. Photon. News 8(11); 35-36, Appl. Opt. 36(34), 97; Nov 97
- Spectral
Reference Detector for the Visible to 12 Micrometer Region Convenient
Spectrally Flat;
Day, G.W.; Hamilton, C.A.; Pyatt, K.W.;
Appl. Opt. 15: 1865-1868; Jul 76
Return
to Top of Page
|
| Relative
Intensity Noise (RIN) Measurement System |
Provides calibration
and Measurement Assurance Program (MAP) services for the measurement of
laser RIN in the wavelength region of 1550 nm over the 0.1 – 4.1 GHz frequency
band. An erbium-doped fiber amplifier coupled to a linear polarizer and
narrow-band filter, centered in the 1550 nm wavelength range, is used as
a RIN transfer standard.
- How to
Measure Relative Intensity Noise in Lasers;
Obarski, G.E.; Hale, P.D.;
Laser Focus World 35(5): 273-277; May 99
- Transfer
Standard for the Spectral Density of Relative Intensity Noise of Optical
Fiber Sources Near 1550 nm;
Obarski, G.E.; Splett, J.D.;
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 18(6): 650-761, Jun 01
- Measurement
Assurance Program for the Spectral Density of Relative Intensity Noise
of Optical Fiber Sources near 1550 nm;
Obarski, G.E.; Splett, J.D.;
NIST SP 250-57, 90 pp; Sep 00
Return
to Top of Page
|
| Detector
Spatial Uniformity Measurement System |
|
Provides
Special Test services for determining detector responsivity as a function
of position on the detector’s surface. The measurement system uses diode
lasers and an optical fiber-based delivery system to perform uniformity
scanning measurements on detectors at wavelengths of 635, 850, 1300, and
1550 nm.
- Spatial
Uniformity of Optical Detector Responsivity;
Livigni, D.J.; Li, X.;
Proc., Natl. Conf. Stds. Labs., Jul 31-Aug 4, 1994, Chicago, IL, 337-352;
Jul 94
Return
to Top of Page
|
